INTRODUCTION:
Hair is an integral part of human beauty. Human hair serves many purposes like protection against external factors; sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones production, and thermoregulations1. Hair care products are primarily meant for cleansing the hair and scalp. They also modify the hair texture, nourishes the hair, and give a healthy look to the hair2. Shampoo is the most common hair care cosmetic. The hair cleansing preparations can be grouped into one category, called shampoo. They are water-based products containing mainly surfactants3.
It is available either in viscous liquid or powder form, applied for cleaning hair and scalp from dirt, residues of previously applied hair styling products, and environmental pollutants4. In the early days shampoos were meant only for cleansing hair and scalp, but the shampoos available today do much more than that.
Along with cleansing it leaves the hair easy to comb, lustrous, and controllable while being convenient to use5. Nowadays a wide range of shampoos are available in the market like synthetic, herbal, medicated, and non-medicated shampoos with different functions. Among these herbal shampoos are the most popular ones as they bear the impression of having better safety and efficacy. Herbal shampoos are prepared from natural ingredients and are meant for cleansing hair and scalp like conventional shampoo. These shampoos are free from side effects since no surfactants are involved, have good stability, and are less harmful than synthetic shampoo5,6. Synthetic shampoo contains surfactants. Long-term use of these surfactants can lead to serious effects like scalp irritation, loss of hair, drying of hair, greying of hair, split ends, and, eye irritation. Due to these reasons, herbal cosmetics are attracted which have insignificant side effects and are inexpensive6,7.
Herbal shampoos are defined as a preparation of a surfactant (surface active material) in suitable form liquid, solid or powder using herbal extracts or ingredients which when used under the conditions specified will remove surface grease, dirt, and skin debris from the hair shaft and scalp without adversely affecting the hair, scalp or health of the user. These can be prepared in different dosage forms like powder, liquid, lotion, cream, jelly, aerosol, specific shampoo (Conditioning, Anti-dandruff, Baby, Two Layers), etc8.
Beetroot or Beta vulgaris is a plant species distributed throughout Asia Minor, the Mediterranean, and Europe. The roots contain Nitrate, Phenolics (such as Flavanoids, Phenolic Acids, and Phenolic amides), Ascorbic acid, Carotenoids, and Betalains (Betacyanins, Betaxanthins). The roots are useful in Hair Fall, greying of hair, and keeping the scalp healthy. It has antidandruff properties and UV protection properties. It is useful to color hair and give a silky and shiny appearance to hair9-11.
Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus, Family Asteraceae) were native to North America. It is also cultivated in the former USSR region, Argentina, France, India, and China12,13. The seeds and sprouts are good sources of antioxidants, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, trace elements, and vitamins. During the past few decades, flavonoids (heliannone, quercetin, api-genin), phenolic acids (caffeic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, gallic acid, coumaric,) have been identified from the sunflower seeds and sprout and have been shown to contribute to its pharmaceutical activities14-17. The seeds contain plenty of minerals such as iron and zinc that prevent hair loss and promote hair growth respectively. Zinc boosts tissue growth and repairs damaged hair. Zinc helps to keep hair healthy12,13.
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum, Family Linaceae) contains linolenic acid, linoleic acid, lignans, cyclic peptides, polysaccharides, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, and cadmium. There are multiple ways to reap the hair-health benefits of flaxseed. Flaxseed oil is used directly in hair To use flaxseed as a hair mask, pour a small amount of the oil into your hands and massage directly into your hair. Leave on for up to 15 minutes, then rinse out and shampoo as normal18,19.
Various shampoos have been formulated using herbs. Vijapur and his friends have formulated shampoo using plant extracts such as; amla, curry leaves, soapnut, and bhringraj. It was concluded that the product has good cleansing and conditioning properties20. Dipesh and colleagues prepared herbal shampoo with Ritha fruit, liquorice stolons, Bengal gram, Brahmi leves, green gram, Banana roots. Pomegranate seeds, Hibiscus leaves, Marigold flowets and lemon fruit. The formulated shampoo was concluded to be safe and effective21. In one study, polyherbal shampoo was formulated containing Aloe vera, Cassia acutifolia, Albizia amara, Vetiver, Azadirachta indica, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Rose, Hemidesmus indicus and Spirulina. The formulated product was safe and has good conditioning, antimicrobial and cleansing properties22.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Materials:
All the materials used to prepare shampoo were of laboratory grade and pure.
Preparation of shampoo:
Table 1: Formula for preparation of shampoo
|
Ingredient |
Quantity |
|
Beet root powder |
12% |
|
Sunflower seeds |
8% |
|
Aritha powder |
80% |
|
Honey |
2ml |
|
Linseed |
1% |
|
Beet root |
Q.s. |
|
Lavender oil(odour) |
Q.s. |
|
Methyl Paraben |
0.03% |
10gm of beetroot powder and 8gm of sunflower seeds powder, 80gm of aritha powder, 30gm of linseed powders were soaked in 100ml, 75ml, and 200ml of water respectively in a separate container. All the solutions were boiled until 3/4th volume was left and filtered through muslin cloth and filtrate was collected. 2ml of honey and a few drops of lavender oil were added23.
Evaluation of herbal shampoo:
To evaluate the quality of the prepared formulation, several quality control tests Viz. visual appearance, physiochemical parameters, and conditioning performance were performed.
a. Physical appearance/visual inspection:
The formulation prepared was evaluated in terms of their clarity, color, and odour24.
b. Determination of pH:
The pH of 10% v/v shampoo solution in distilled water was measured by using a pH meter at room temperature25.
c. Determination percentage solids contents:
A clean dry evaporating dish was weighed and 4 g of shampoo was added to it. The dish and the shampoo were weighed together. The exact weight of the shampoo was calculated and the evaporating dish with the shampoo was placed on a hot plate until the liquid portion evaporated. The weight of the shampoo (solids) after drying was calculated26-29.
d. Dirt dispersion:
Two drops of shampoo were added to 10ml of distilled water taken in a large test tube. To this solution, one drop of India ink was added and the test tube was covered and shaken ten times. The amount of ink in the froth was indicated by the rubric such as None, Light, Moderate or Heavy30.
e. Foaming ability and foam stability:
Foaming ability was determined by using the cylinder shake method. Briefly, 50mL of the 1% commercial or formulated shampoo solution was placed into a 250mL graduated cylinder; it was covered with one hand and shaken 10 times. The total volume of the foam content after 1min of shaking was recorded31.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Formulation of herbal shampoo:
A pure herbal shampoo was formulated by using beetroot, sunflower seeds, Soapnut, and linseed as shown in Table 1. These herbal drugs contain phytochemicals such as saponins which are natural surfactants possessing good detergency and foaming properties. Linseed was added as a conditioning agent and thickening agent. A good shampoo must have adequate viscosity to facilitate pouring from the bottle but must not drip down from the hair during use. Lavender oil was added as a flavouring agent. Methyl paraben was added as a preservative.
Evaluation of Herbal Shampoos:
a. Physical appearance:
The results of the visual inspection of a series of formulations are listed in Table 3.
Table 2: Physical appearance of formulated shampoo
|
Physical Parameter |
Formulated shampoo |
Marketed Shampoo |
|
Color |
Reddish-brown |
Light pink |
|
Transparency |
Translucent |
Trasparaent |
|
Odour |
Pleasant |
Pleasant |
|
pH |
5.5 |
5.5 |
b. Percentage Solids Content:
The percentage solid content of the formulated shampoo was found 22.75%w/v.
Figure 1: Dirt dispersion of marketed and formulated shampoo
c. Dirt Dispersion:
Both Marketed and formulated shampoos showed no ink distribution in their foam.
d. Foaming ability and foam stability:
The foam volume was 93±3.2 (mean±SD, n = 3) ml. The formulation produced stable foams with no change in foam volume after 4 minutes.
DISCUSSION:
The results of the visual inspection of the tested shampoo have good organoleptic properties. The color and odor of the formulated shampoo was found to be acceptable by all volunteers. The pH of shampoos is important for improving and enhancing quality of hair, minimizing irritation to the eyes, and stabilizing the ecological balance of the scalp, thereby minimizing the damage to the scalp32. Mild acidity prevents swelling of hair and promotes tightening of the scales, thereby inducing shine to hair. The acceptable pH-range for hair shampoo is 5.0–7.0, which is close to the skin’s pH, i.e., hair shampoo should be neutral or slightly acidic29,33. The pH of the 1% tested shampoos showed pH of the shampoo within the acceptable range.
Good shampoos usually have 20%–30% solid content as it is easy to be applied and rinse out from the hair. If it doesn't have enough solids it will be too watery and wash away quickly, similarly too many solids will be hard to work into the hair or too hard to wash out34. The result of the percentage of solids content was found 22.75% w/v. The result indicated that formulated shampoo was expected easy to apply as well as wash out.
Dirt dispersion is an important property for evaluating the cleansing action of shampoos. Shampoos that cause the ink to concentrate in the foam are considered of inferior quality as ink or dirt that stays in foam is difficult to rinse away from hair and gets redeposited on the hair35. Therefore, dirt should remain in the water portion for achieving better cleansing action. Both Marketed and formulated shampoos showed no ink distribution in their foam. The formulated shampoo shows more satisfactory results than marketed shampoo.
Although foam generation has little to do with the cleansing ability of shampoos, it is of paramount importance to the consumer and is therefore an important criterion in evaluating shampoos36. Both shampoos showed comparable foaming properties. A point to be noted here was that there was no direct correlation between detergency and foaming, which confirms the fact that a shampoo with poor foaming ability can also be a good cleansing agent. The foam volume was found to be 93±3.2 (mean±SD, n = 3) ml. The final formulation produced stable foams with no change in foam volume after 4 minutes.
CONCLUSION:
By using the Beetroot in the preparation of the Herbal shampoo furnishes the qualities of the shampoo as beetroot contains numerous benefits that healthy hair needs. Along with that the use of sunflower seeds provides abundant nutrition to the hair. The present report focuses on the uses and importance of herbal shampoo. It includes the awareness and need for cosmetics with herbal ingredients, as it is strongly believed that herbal products are safe and free from side effects. The present study emphasizes the advantages of the use of beetroot and sunflower seed in herbal shampoo.
This study aimed to formulate herbal shampoo which is at par with the synthetic shampoo available in the market. We formulated a herbal shampoo by using herbal drugs that are traditionally used and lauded for their hair-cleansing properties across Asia. All the materials used to formulate shampoo are safer than silicones and polyquaterniums synthetic conditioning agents and vis-a-vis can greatly reduce the hair or protein loss during combing.
Several tests were performed to evaluate and compare the properties of both formulated and marketed shampoos. The formulated shampoo showed comparable results with that of marketed shampoo for quality control tests but further research and development are required to ameliorate its overall quality.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.
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Received on 13.05.2024 Revised on 10.08.2024 Accepted on 03.10.2024 Published on 20.12.2024 Available online from November 25, 2024 Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2024; 16(4):230-234. DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2024.00043 ©A&V Publications All right reserved
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